Early 1800s photo gun9/3/2023 The musket first appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. However, it is unclear whether these were arquebuses or small cannons as late as 1444, but the fact that they were listed separately from cannons in mid-15th century inventories suggests that they were handheld firearms. The first references what may have been arquebuses ( Ottoman Turkish: tüfek) by the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army date them from 1394 to 1465. However, Iqtidar Alam Khan argued that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always accepted. "The first cannon in history" used gunpowder almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder. al-Hassan claimed that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 pitted the Mamluks against the Mongols. Middle East įirearms appeared in the Middle East between the late 13th and early 14th century. Li Ting, a military commander of Jurchen descent, led foot soldiers armed with hand cannons to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan. The oldest surviving firearm is the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, which was discovered in modern-day Acheng District where the History of Yuan records that battles were fought. It depicts a Chinese figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard with flames and a cannonball emerging from it. The earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan dating to the 12th century. With this, the basic features of the gun emerged: a metal barrel, high- nitrate gunpowder, and a properly sized projectile. To leverage that power, shrapnel was replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more completely. To better withstand that power, paper and bamboo fire-lance barrels were replaced with metal. The proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximize its power. The De'an Shoucheng Lu, an account of the siege of De'an in 1132 during the Jin–Song Wars, records that Song forces used fire-lances against the Jurchen. The earliest known depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang. Shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames. The fire lance was a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower (different from older Greek fire-powered Byzantine flamethrower).
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